As emergency physicians we have been struggling with a nationwide boarding burden for over 20 years. It is not a problem of our making and we are not the keys to solving it. But we are the innovators and leaders in our hospitals. It is important that we be conversant in all sides of the boarding issue. We are right to demand that our respective hospital leaders address this problem using effective inpatient strategies for creating capacity. Now you have the playbook. In these extreme circumstances we can and should partner with hospital leaders to identify and manage avoidable admissions. It is time to turn our attention to the demand side of the throughput equation!
Explore This Issue
ACEP Now: Vol 43 – No 03 – March 2024Dr. Welch practiced emergency medicine for 35 years. She was an ED quality director for Intermountain Healthcare. She has written articles and books on ED quality, safety, and efficiency. She is a consultant with Quality Matters Consulting, and her expertise is in ED operations, patient flow, and work flow.
References
- Augustine J. A first look at emergency department data for 2022. ACEP Now website. https://www.acepnow.com/article/a-first-look-at-emergency-department-data-for-2022/2/. Published June 7, 2023. Accessed February 15, 2024.
- Leisman D, Huang V, Zhou Q, et al. Delayed second dose antibiotics for patients admitted from the emergency department with sepsis: Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med.2017;45(6): 956-65.
- Coil CJ, Flood JD, Belyeu BM, et al. The effect of emergency department boarding on order completion. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;67(6):730-36.
- Salehi L, Phalpher P, Valani R, et al. Emergency department boarding: a descriptive analysis and measurement of impact and outcomes. CJEM.2018;20(6):929-37.
- Krall SP, Guardiola J, Richman PB. Increased door to admission time is associated with prolonged throughput for ED patients discharged home. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(9): 1783-7.
- Wiler JL, Ozkaynak M, Bookman K, et al. Implementation of a front-end split-flow model to promote performance in an urban academic emergency department. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2016;42(6):271-80.
- Anderson JS, Burke RC, Augusto KD, et al. The effect of a rapid assessment zone on emergency department operations and throughput. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;75(2):236-45.
- Spencer S, Stephens K, Swanson-Biearman B, et al. Health care provider in triage to improve outcomes. J Emerg Nurs. 2019;45(5):561-6.
- Mahmood FT, AlGhamdi MM, AlQithmi MO, et al. The effect of having a physician in the triage area on the rate of patients leaving without being seen: A quality improvement initiative at King Fahad Specialist hospital. Saudi Med J. 2024;45(1):74-8.
- Russ S, Jones I, Aronsky D, et al. Placing physician orders at triage: the effect on length of stay. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56(1):27-33.
- Rogg JG, White BA, Biddinger PD, et al DF. A long-term analysis of physician triage screening in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20(4):374-80.
- Carney KP, Crespin A, Woerly G, et al. A front-end redesign with implementation of a novel “intake” system to improve patient flow in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Qual Saf. 2020;5(2):e263.
- Browder W. The Sacramento model improves multiple operations metrics in a high volume ED. Sentara Leigh Hospital poster presentation. ED Innovations 2018, Nashville.
- Welch, S. A behavioral health intake process model. ACEP Now website. https://www.acepnow.com/article/a-behavioral-health-intake-processmodel/. Published May 2, 2023. Accessed February 15, 2024.
- Pearlmutter MD, Dwyer KH, Burke LG, et al. Analysis of emergency department length of stay for mental health patients at ten Massachusetts emergency departments. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70(2):193-202.e16.
- Kraft CM, Morea P, Teresi B, et al. Characteristics, clinical care, and disposition barriers for mental health patients boarding in the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;46:550-5.
- Schreyer KE, Martin R. The economics of an admissions holding unit. West J Emerg Med. 2017;18(4):553-8.
- Alishahi Tabriz A, Birken SA, Shea CM, et al. What is full capacity protocol, and how is it implemented successfully? Implement Sci. 2019;14(1):73.
- Vermeulen M, Ray JG, Bell C, et al. Disequilibrium between admitted and discharged hospitalized patients affects emergency department length of stay. Ann Emerg Med. 2009;54(6):794-804.
- Khanna S, Sier D, Boyle J, et al. Discharge timeliness and its impact on hospital crowding and emergency department flow performance. Emerg Med Australasia. 2016;28:164-170.
- Mustafa F, Gilligan P, Obu D, et al. Delayed discharges and boarders: A 2 year study of the relationship between patients experiencing delayed discharges from an acute hospital and boarding of admitted patients in a crowded ED. Emerg Med J. 2016;33(9):636-640.
- Van Walraven C. The influence of hospitalist continuity on the likelihood of patient discharge in general medicine patients. J Hosp Med. 2018;13(10):692-4.
- Huang KT, Minahan J, Brita-Rossi P, et al. All together now: Impact of a regionalization and bedside rounding initiative on the efficiency and inclusiveness of clinical rounds. J Hosp Med. 2017;12(3):150-6.
- Mirabella AC, McAMis NE, Kiassat C, et al. Preferences to improve rounding efficiency among hospitalists: a survey analysis. J Community Hosp Internal Med Perspect. 2021;11(4):501-6.
- Sehgal NL, Green A, Vidyarthi AR, et al. Patient whiteboards as a communication tool in the hospital setting: a survey of practices and recommendations. J Hosp Med. 2010;5(4):239.
- Mehta RL, Baxendale Bryn, Roth K, et al. Assessing the impact of the introduction of an electronic hospital discharge system on the completeness and timeliness of discharge communication: a before and after study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:624
- Tan M, Hooper Evans K, Braddock CH, et al. Patient whiteboards to improve patient centered care in the hospital. Postgrad Med J. 2013;89(1056):604-9.
- Rojas-Garcia A, Turner S, Pizzo E, et al. Impact and experiences of delayed discharge: A mixed-studies systematic review. Health Expect. 2017;00:1-16.
- Landeiro F, Roberts K, Gray AM, et al. Delayed Hospital discharges of older patients: A systematic review on prevalence and costs. Gerontologist.2019;59(2):e86-e97.
- Patel H, Morduchowicz S, Mourand, M. Using a systematic framework of interventions to improve early discharges. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf.2017;43:189-96.
- Cressman AM, Purohit U, Shadowitz E, et al. Potentially avoidable admissions to general internal medicine at an academic teaching hospital: an observational study. CMAJ Open. 2023;11(1):E201-E207.
- Robinson J, Boyd M, O’Callaghan A, et al. The extent and cost of potentially avoidable admissions in hospital inpatients with palliative care needs: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2015;5(3):266-72.
- Kilaru AS, Resnick D, Flynn D, et al. Practical alternative to hospitalization for emergency department patients (PATH): A feasibility study. Healthc (Amst).2021;9(3):100545.
- Woodhams V, de Lusignan S, Mughal S, et al. Triumph of hope over experience: learning from interventions to reduce avoidable hospital admissions identified through an Academic Health and Social Care Network. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:153.
- Soto GE, Huenefeldt EA, Hengst MN, et al. Implementation and impact analysis of a transitional care pathway for patients presenting to the emergency department with cardiac-related complaints. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):672.
- Zierler, Amy. Effect of early follow-up after hospital discharge on outcomes in patients with heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2017;17(8):1-37.
- Carmel A, Steel P, Tanouye R, et al. Rapid primary care follow-up from the ED to reduce avoidable hospital admissions. West J Emerg Med. 2017;18(5):870-7.
- Gettel CJ, Serina PT, Uzamere I, et al. Emergency department-to-community care transition barriers: A qualitative study of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2022;70(11):3152-62.
- Seidenfeld J, Stechuchak KM, Coffman CJ, et al. Exploring differential response to an emergency department-based care transition intervention. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;50:640-5.
- Lillebo B, Dyrstad B, Grimsmo A. Avoidable emergency admissions? Emerg Med J. 2013;30(9):707-11.
- Watase T, Jablonowski K, Sabbatini A. Prospective analysis of alternative services and cost savings of avoidable admissions from the ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(3):624-8.
- Schull MJ, Vermeulen MJ, Stukel TA, et al. Evaluating the effect of clinical decision units on patient flow in seven Canadian emergency departments. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19(7):828-36.
- Gaillard G, Russinoff I. Hospital at home: A change in the course of care. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2023;35(3):179-182.
- Levine DM, Ouchi K, Blanchfield B, et al. Hospital-level care at home for acutely ill adults: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(2):77-85.
- Leong MQ, Lim CW, Lai YF. Comparison of hospital-at-home models: a systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open. 2021;11(1):e043285.
- Baugh CW, Dorner SC, Levine DM, et al. Acute home-based care for patients with cancer to avoid, substitute, and follow emergency department visits: a conceptual framework using Porter‘s five forces. Emerg Cancer Care. 2022;1(1):8.
- Banos E. The hospital at home program at UHS. Conference presentation, Innovations in ED Management 2023. April 2023, Phoenix, AZ.
- Bhatti Y, Stevenson A, Weerasuriya S, et al. Reducing avoidable chest pain admissions and implementing high-sensitivity troponin testing. BMJ Open Qual. 2019;8(4):e000629.
- Schechtman M, Kocher KE, Nypaver MM, et al. Michigan emergency department leader attitudes toward and experiences with clinical pathways to guide admission decisions: a mixed-methods study. Acad Emerg Med. 2019;26(4):384-93.
- Pinkney J, Rance S, Benger J, et al. How can frontline expertise and new models of care best contribute to safely reducing avoidable acute admissions? A mixed-methods study of four acute hospitals. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2016.
- Woodhams V, de Lusignan S, Mughal S, et al. Triumph of hope over experience: learning from interventions to reduce avoidable hospital admissions identified through an academic health and social care network. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:153.
- Katz EB, Carrier ER, Umscheid CA, et al. Comparative effectiveness of care coordination interventions in the emergency department: a systematic review. Ann Emerg Med. 2012;60(1):12-23.
- Chong E, Zhu B, Tan H, et al. Emergency department interventions for frailty (EDIFY): front-door geriatric care can reduce acute admissions. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22(4):923-8.e5.
- Cristofori G, González Becerra M, Sánchez Osorio LM, et al. Utilidad y seguridad de los ingresos directos a una unidad hospitalaria de agudos de un servicio de geriatría valorados por atención geriátrica en residencias [Utility and safety of direct admission to acute geriatric unit after Nursing Home Geriatric Team assessment]. [Spanish] Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol. 2023;58(6):101388.
One Response to “Survival Tactics for Emergency Department Boarding”
March 10, 2024
Todd B Taylor, MD, FACEPThank you Shari. Your contribution to addressing this & other serious healthcare issues over the years has been laudable.
The failure of inpatient bed capacity to keep up with population is stark, albeit sameday outpatient surgery with new techniques have changed a 2-day hospital stay into a long afternoon in post-op. And, changes in healthcare funding policy has forced hospitals & others to dramatically change business practices.
In Arizona, in the late 1990’s to late 2000’s the Arizona ACEP Chapter had a huge impact on hospital crowding, to which you alluded.
But, now, here we are again & what appears to be worse & more wide-spread. So once again, the Arizona Chapter Board is taking action to draw attention to & impact this serious issue.
This time, we have chosen to employ data (not readily available in the past) to incentivize hospitals to take appropriate action & join with the EM community to lobby for policy changes. Anyone interested may contact me for a summary.
Thanks again for summarizing this timely topic.